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acid Bessemer process

  • 1 Bessemer, Sir Henry

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 19 January 1813 Charlton (near Hitchin), Hertfordshire, England
    d. 15 January 1898 Denmark Hill, London, England
    [br]
    English inventor of the Bessemer steelmaking process.
    [br]
    The most valuable part of Bessemer's education took place in the workshop of his inventor father. At the age of only 17 he went to London to seek his fortune and set himself up in the trade of casting art works in white metal. He went on to the embossing of metals and other materials and this led to his first major invention, whereby a date was incorporated in the die for embossing seals, thus preventing the wholesale forgeries that had previously been committed. For this, a grateful Government promised Bessemer a paid position, a promise that was never kept; recognition came only in 1879 with a belated knighthood. Bessemer turned to other inventions, mainly in metalworking, including a process for making bronze powder and gold paint. After he had overcome technical problems, the process became highly profitable, earning him a considerable income during the forty years it was in use.
    The Crimean War presented inventors such as Bessemer with a challenge when weaknesses in the iron used to make the cannon became apparent. In 1856, at his Baxter House premises in St Paneras, London, he tried fusing cast iron with steel. Noticing the effect of an air current on the molten mixture, he constructed a reaction vessel or converter in which air was blown through molten cast iron. There was a vigorous reaction which nearly burned the house down, and Bessemer found the iron to be almost completely decarburized, without the slag threads always present in wrought iron. Bessemer had in fact invented not only a new process but a new material, mild steel. His paper "On the manufacture of malleable iron and steel without fuel" at the British Association meeting in Cheltenham later that year created a stir. Bessemer was courted by ironmasters to license the process. However, success was short-lived, for they found that phosphorus in the original iron ore passed into the metal and rendered it useless. By chance, Bessemer had used in his trials pig-iron, derived from haematite, a phosphorus-free ore. Bessemer tried hard to overcome the problem, but lacking chemical knowledge he resigned himself to limiting his process to this kind of pig-iron. This limitation was removed in 1879 by Sidney Gilchrist Thomas, who substituted a chemically basic lining in the converter in place of the acid lining used by Bessemer. This reacted with the phosphorus to form a substance that could be tapped off with the slag, leaving the steel free from this harmful element. Even so, the new material had begun to be applied in engineering, especially for railways. The open-hearth process developed by Siemens and the Martin brothers complemented rather than competed with Bessemer steel. The widespread use of the two processes had a revolutionary effect on mechanical and structural engineering and earned Bessemer around £1 million in royalties before the patents expired.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1879. FRS 1879. Royal Society of Arts Albert Gold Medal 1872.
    Bibliography
    1905, Sir Henry Bessemer FRS: An Autobiography, London.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Bessemer, Sir Henry

  • 2 бессемеровский процесс

    * * *

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > бессемеровский процесс

  • 3 proces besemerowski wytapiania stali

    • acid Bessemer process
    • Bessemer process
    • pneumatic process

    Słownik polsko-angielski dla inżynierów > proces besemerowski wytapiania stali

  • 4 бессемеровский процесс

    Русско-английский новый политехнический словарь > бессемеровский процесс

  • 5 бессемеровский процесс

    1) Engineering: acid Bessemer process

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > бессемеровский процесс

  • 6 Bessemerverfahren

    n < metall> ■ Bessemer process; acid converter process; acid Bessemer process; acid process

    German-english technical dictionary > Bessemerverfahren

  • 7 Konverterfrischverfahren

    n < metall> ■ Bessemer process; acid converter process; acid Bessemer process; acid process

    German-english technical dictionary > Konverterfrischverfahren

  • 8 Konverterverfahren

    n < metall> ■ Bessemer process; acid converter process; acid Bessemer process; acid process

    German-english technical dictionary > Konverterverfahren

  • 9 Windfrischverfahren

    n < metall> ■ Bessemer process; acid converter process; acid Bessemer process; acid process

    German-english technical dictionary > Windfrischverfahren

  • 10 бессемерование

    converting, bessemerizing
    * * *
    бессеме́рование с.
    1. ( в производстве стали) the (acid) Bessemer process; conversion (of iron) by the Bessemer process
    2. ( в производстве меди) bessemerizing [conversion] (of copper-matte)
    ма́лое бессеме́рование — side-blown converter process, side-blown converting
    * * *

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > бессемерование

  • 11 процесс бессемеровский

    • процесс m бессемеровский
    english: acid Bessemer process
    deutsch: Bessemerverfahren n
    français: procédé m Bessemer

    Русско-английский (-немецко, -французский) металлургический словарь > процесс бессемеровский

  • 12 процесс

    operation, making, procedure, process
    * * *
    проце́сс м.
    process
    оформля́ть проце́сс аппарату́рно — implement [instrument, mechanize] a process
    проце́сс происхо́дит — a process occurs
    проце́сс протека́ет … — a process runs …
    реализова́ть проце́сс — implement a process; вчт., киб. instrument [mechanize] a process
    аддити́вный проце́сс — additive process
    адиабати́ческий проце́сс — adiabatic process
    аммиа́чно-со́довый проце́сс — Solvay process
    проце́сс Ая́кс [Ая́кс-проце́сс] ( разновидность мартеновского процесса) — Ajax process
    бездо́менный проце́сс — direct ore-reduction process
    бессеме́ровский проце́сс — Bessemer process
    вагра́ночный проце́сс — cupola process
    вероя́тностный проце́сс — probabilistic process
    ветвя́щийся проце́сс — branching process
    восстанови́тельный проце́сс — reduction process
    проце́сс выра́щивания криста́ллов, эпитаксиа́льный — epitaxial(-growth) process
    вычисли́тельный проце́сс — computational process
    проце́сс гальванопокры́тия, щелочно́й — alkaline plating process
    до́менный проце́сс — blast-furnace process
    идеа́льный проце́сс — ideal process
    изобари́ческий проце́сс — isobaric [constant-pressure] process
    изотерми́ческий проце́сс — isothermal [constant-temperature] process
    изохори́ческий проце́сс — isochoric [constant-volume] process
    изоэнтропи́ческий проце́сс — isentropic process
    итерацио́нный проце́сс вчт. — iterative process
    квазистациона́рный проце́сс — quasi-stationary process
    кинети́ческий проце́сс — rate process
    кислоро́дно-конве́ртерный проце́сс — basic oxygen [oxygen-converter] process
    конве́ртерный проце́сс — converter process
    конкури́рующие проце́ссы — competitive processes
    ма́рковский проце́сс мат. — Markov(ian) process
    марте́новский проце́сс — open-hearth process
    марте́новский, ки́слый проце́сс — acid open-hearth process
    марте́новский, основно́й проце́сс — basic open-hearth process
    модели́руемый проце́сс — prototype process
    необрати́мый проце́сс — irreversible process
    непреры́вный проце́сс — continuous process
    неравнове́сный проце́сс — nonequilibrium process
    нестациона́рный проце́сс — non-steady process
    неустанови́вшийся проце́сс — unsteady-state process
    обжига́тельно-восстанови́тельный проце́сс — roasting reduction process
    обрати́мый проце́сс — reversible process
    обра́тный проце́сс — inverse process
    окисли́тельно-восстанови́тельный проце́сс — redox process
    окисли́тельный проце́сс — oxidizing process
    проце́сс ОЛП — OLP converter process (oxygen-lime-powder)
    оптима́льный проце́сс — optimal process
    проце́сс перено́са — transport [transfer] process
    перехо́дный проце́сс — transient (process)
    по́сле оконча́ния перехо́дных проце́ссов … — after all transients have died out …
    периоди́ческий проце́сс — periodic process
    проце́сс пла́вки с наво́дкой одного́ шла́ка — single-slag process
    позити́вный проце́сс кфт. — positive process
    политропи́ческий проце́сс — polytropic process
    последуби́льные проце́ссы — post tanning
    проце́сс произво́дства — production process
    проце́сс произво́дства ста́ли — steel-making process
    проце́сс пряде́ния, непреры́вный — continuous spinning process
    равнове́сный проце́сс — equilibrium process
    регули́руемый проце́сс — controlled process
    регуля́рный проце́сс — regular process
    ро́торный проце́сс ( в производстве стали) — rotor process
    ру́дный проце́сс — pig-and-ore process
    проце́сс сгора́ния — combustion (process)
    случа́йный проце́сс — random process
    стациона́рный проце́сс — stationary process
    стохасти́ческий проце́сс — stochastic process
    технологи́ческий проце́сс — хим. process; маш. manufacturing [production] method
    внедря́ть технологи́ческий проце́сс — bring in a new process
    технологи́ческий проце́сс ведё́тся [осуществля́ется] с центра́льного пу́льта — the process is run from a central control room
    технологи́ческий, непреры́вный проце́сс — continuous process
    технологи́ческий, периоди́ческий проце́сс — batch process
    типово́й проце́сс хим. — unit process
    тома́совский проце́сс — basic Bessemer process
    управля́емый проце́сс — controlled process
    проце́сс усредне́ния — averaging (process)
    установи́вшийся проце́сс — steady-state process
    циркуляцио́нный проце́сс хим. — a process with (a) recycle
    экзотерми́ческий проце́сс — exothermic [exoergic] process
    зкзоэнергети́ческий проце́сс — exothermic [exoergic] process
    эндотерми́ческий проце́сс — endothermic [endoergic] process
    эргоди́ческий проце́сс мат. — ergodic process

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > процесс

  • 13 Thomas, Sidney Gilchrist

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 16 April 1850 London, England
    d. 1 February 1885 Paris, France
    [br]
    English inventor of basic steelmaking.
    [br]
    Thomas was educated at Dulwich College and from the age of 17, for the next twelve years, he made his living as a police-court clerk, although he studied chemistry in his spare time as an evening student at Birkbeck College, London. While there, he heard of the difficulties encountered by the Bessemer steelmaking process, which at that time was limited to using phosphorus-free iron. Any of this element present in the iron was oxidized to phosphoric acid, which would not react with the acidic lining in the converter, with the result that it would remain in the iron and render it too brittle to use. Unfortunately, phosphoric iron ores are more common than those free of this harmful element. Thomas was attracted by the view that a fortune awaited anyone who could solve this problem, and was not discouraged by the failure of several august figures in the industry, including Siemens and Lowthian Bell.
    Thomas's knowledge of chemistry taught him that whereas an acidic lining allowed the phosphorus to remain in the iron, a basic lining would react with it to form part of the slag, which could then be tapped off. His experiments to find a suitable material were conducted in difficult conditions, in his spare time with meagre apparatus. Finally he found that a converter lined with dolomite, a form of limestone, would succeed, and he appealed to his cousin Percy Carlyle Gilchrist, Chemist at the Blaenavon Ironworks in Monmouthshire, for help in carrying out pilot-scale trials. In 1879 he gave up his police-court job to devote himself to the work, and in the same year they patented the Thomas- Gilchrist process. The first licence to use it was granted to Bolckow, Vaughan \& Co. of Middlesborough, and there the first steel was made in a basic Bessemer converter on 4 April 1879. The process was rapidly taken up and spread widely in Europe and beyond and was applied to other furnaces. Thomas made a fortune, but his health did not long allow him to enjoy it, for he died at the early age of 34.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    L.G.Thompson, 1940, Sidney Gilchrist Thomas, an Invention and Its Consequences, London: Faber.
    T.G.Davies, 1978, Blaenavon and Sidney Gilchrist Thomas, Sheffield: Historical Metallurgy Society.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Thomas, Sidney Gilchrist

См. также в других словарях:

  • Acid Bessemer process — Смотри Бессемерование …   Энциклопедический словарь по металлургии

  • Bessemer process — The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass production of steel from molten pig iron. The process is named after its inventor, Henry Bessemer, who took out a patent on the process in 1855. The process was… …   Wikipedia

  • Bessemer process — Metall. a process of producing steel, in which impurities are removed by forcing a blast of air through molten iron. [1855 60; after H. BESSEMER] * * * Technique for converting pig iron to steel invented by Henry Bessemer in England in 1856 and… …   Universalium

  • basic Bessemer process — Modification of the Bessemer process for converting pig iron into steel. The original Bessemer converter was not effective in removing the phosphorus from iron made from the high phosphorus ores common in Britain and Europe. The invention of the… …   Universalium

  • Acid process — Ac id proc ess (Iron Metal.) That variety of either the Bessemer or the open hearth process in which the converter or hearth is lined with acid, that is, highly siliceous, material. Opposed to {basic process}. [Webster 1913 Suppl.] …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • bessemer iron — noun or bessemer pig Usage: usually capitalized B Etymology: after H. Bessemer : a cast iron that contains not more than 0.10 percent of phosphorus and is suitable for the manufacture of Bessemer steel by the acid process * * * Bessemer iron or… …   Useful english dictionary

  • Industrial process — Industrial processes are procedures involving chemical or mechanical steps to aid in the manufacture of an item or items, usually carried out on a very large scale.Industrial processes are the key components of heavy industry.Most processes make… …   Wikipedia

  • basic process — noun : a process (as in steelmaking) carried on in a furnace lined with basic material (as magnesite, dolomite, lime, or iron oxide) and under a slag that is dominantly basic opposed to acid process; compare bessemer process * * * basic( oxygen)… …   Useful english dictionary

  • Basic process — Ba sic proc ess (Iron Metal.) A Bessemer or open hearth steel making process in which a lining that is basic, or not siliceous, is used, and additions of basic material are made to the molten charge during treatment. Opposed to {acid process},… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • Thomas process — Basic process Ba sic proc ess (Iron Metal.) A Bessemer or open hearth steel making process in which a lining that is basic, or not siliceous, is used, and additions of basic material are made to the molten charge during treatment. Opposed to… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • Бессемерование — [1. Acid Bessemer process 2. Bessemerizing] Смотри Бессемеровский процесс …   Энциклопедический словарь по металлургии

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